Mozambique Country Facts

Geography of Mozambique

Location and Borders

Mozambique is a country situated in southeastern Africa, sharing borders with six nations. To the north, it is bordered by Tanzania, while to the northwest, it neighbors Malawi and Zambia. The western boundary is shared with Zimbabwe, and to the southwest, it borders Eswatini (Swaziland) and South Africa. Mozambique’s eastern coastline stretches over 2,500 kilometers along the Indian Ocean, providing it with a strategic maritime advantage and making it a gateway for trade and cultural exchanges with the rest of the world.

Mozambique’s geographic position also places it at the heart of Southern Africa’s transportation network, with its ports serving as crucial access points for landlocked countries such as Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. This geographic advantage has historically made Mozambique a vital hub for regional commerce and trade.

Topography

Mozambique’s topography is highly varied, reflecting its diverse ecosystems. The eastern coastal lowlands dominate the country, transitioning to plateaus and highlands as one moves inland. The Great Rift Valley runs through the central and northern regions, creating fertile plains and large river basins. The Zambezi River, one of Africa’s largest rivers, flows through Mozambique, dividing the country into northern and southern halves and feeding into the Indian Ocean.

Mount Binga, located in the Chimanimani Mountains on the border with Zimbabwe, is the highest point in Mozambique, standing at 2,436 meters above sea level. The interior highlands feature rolling hills and grasslands, while the southern regions are more arid, characterized by savannas and dry forests.

Climate

Mozambique has a tropical climate influenced by its proximity to the Indian Ocean. The country experiences two main seasons:

• The Wet Season (November to April): This season is characterized by heavy rainfall, high humidity, and warmer temperatures. Cyclones are common during this period, particularly affecting the coastal areas.
• The Dry Season (May to October): The dry season features cooler and less humid conditions, making it the most favorable time for agricultural activities and tourism.

The northern regions tend to be warmer and wetter than the southern parts, with rainfall levels decreasing as one moves inland from the coast.

Natural Resources

Mozambique is endowed with an abundance of natural resources. The country boasts rich deposits of coal, natural gas, and titanium, as well as precious stones like rubies and garnets. Offshore natural gas reserves in the Rovuma Basin are among the largest in the world, positioning Mozambique as a potential energy powerhouse.

Additionally, the country has vast tracts of arable land, making agriculture a key economic activity. Its rivers, such as the Limpopo, Zambezi, and Save, provide irrigation opportunities and hydroelectric potential.

History of Mozambique

Pre-Colonial Era

Before European colonization, Mozambique was inhabited by Bantu-speaking communities who migrated into the region around 2000 BCE. These groups established agricultural and fishing communities and developed skills in iron smelting and pottery. The region became part of the Swahili Coast trade network, linking it to Arabia, Persia, India, and Southeast Asia. Coastal towns like Sofala and Ilha de Moçambique flourished as key trading hubs, exchanging gold, ivory, and slaves for textiles, spices, and ceramics.

The influence of Arab traders introduced Islam to the region, which remains a significant cultural and religious force in northern Mozambique today.

Portuguese Colonization

The arrival of Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama in 1498 marked the beginning of European interest in Mozambique. By the 16th century, the Portuguese had established control over key trading ports and began expanding their influence inland. Mozambique became an integral part of the Portuguese colonial empire, primarily serving as a source of slaves for plantations in the Americas.

Over time, the Portuguese introduced European-style plantations and settlements, displacing local communities. Resistance to Portuguese control was widespread but largely suppressed by superior European weaponry and tactics.

Struggle for Independence

The mid-20th century saw a wave of anti-colonial movements across Africa, and Mozambique was no exception. In 1962, the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) was formed, uniting various nationalist groups to fight for independence. Led by Eduardo Mondlane and later Samora Machel, FRELIMO launched a guerrilla war against Portuguese colonial forces in 1964.

The war continued until 1974, when a military coup in Portugal ushered in a new government that agreed to decolonize its African territories. Mozambique achieved independence on June 25, 1975, marking the end of nearly 500 years of Portuguese rule.

Post-Independence Challenges

Independence brought new challenges, as Mozambique faced a devastating civil war from 1977 to 1992. The conflict pitted FRELIMO, which had established a socialist one-party state, against the Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO), a rebel group supported by neighboring apartheid regimes and anti-communist powers.

The war caused widespread destruction, killed hundreds of thousands, and displaced millions. A peace agreement was signed in 1992, leading to democratic reforms and a multi-party political system.

Government and Politics

Political System

Mozambique is a unitary presidential republic. The President serves as both the head of state and government and is elected by popular vote for a five-year term. The country’s Constitution provides for a separation of powers between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

The National Assembly is Mozambique’s legislative body, responsible for making laws and overseeing the government. Members are elected through proportional representation.

Political Landscape

Mozambique’s political system has been dominated by two major parties:

• FRELIMO (Mozambique Liberation Front): The ruling party since independence, advocating for economic liberalization and social development.
• RENAMO (Mozambican National Resistance): The main opposition party, representing various rural and marginalized communities.

Although democratic processes have improved over the years, challenges such as corruption, electoral disputes, and political violence remain.

Administrative Divisions

Mozambique is divided into 11 provinces: Cabo Delgado, Niassa, Nampula, Zambezia, Tete, Manica, Sofala, Inhambane, Gaza, Maputo Province, and Maputo City. These provinces are further subdivided into districts, administrative posts, and localities.

International Relations

Mozambique is an active member of international and regional organizations, including:

• The African Union (AU)
• Southern African Development Community (SADC)
• United Nations (UN)

The country maintains strong diplomatic ties with its neighbors and international partners, particularly focusing on trade, security, and development cooperation.

Economy of Mozambique

Overview

Mozambique’s economy is one of contrasts, with immense potential in natural resources and agriculture juxtaposed against widespread poverty and underdevelopment. The country has experienced periods of rapid economic growth, particularly since the discovery of natural gas reserves, but faces challenges in translating this growth into broad-based improvements in living standards.

Key Economic Sectors

• Agriculture: Over 70% of Mozambique’s population is engaged in agriculture. Key crops include cassava, maize, rice, and cash crops like cashew nuts, sugarcane, and tobacco. The sector is vulnerable to climate change, with frequent cyclones and droughts impacting productivity.
• Mining and Energy: Mozambique is rich in coal, gemstones, and natural gas. The Rovuma Basin, in particular, has attracted significant foreign investment. Coal exports and liquefied natural gas (LNG) production are vital drivers of economic growth.
• Tourism: Mozambique’s pristine beaches, coral reefs, and wildlife reserves attract tourists from around the world. Destinations like the Bazaruto Archipelago and Gorongosa National Park are internationally renowned.

Challenges

Despite its economic potential, Mozambique faces significant hurdles, including:

• Corruption: Endemic corruption undermines public trust and deters investment.
• Infrastructure Gaps: Poor roads, ports, and electricity supply limit economic activities.
• Natural Disasters: Cyclones, floods, and droughts frequently disrupt development efforts.

Demographics and Culture

Population

Mozambique has a population of over 30 million people, characterized by a youthful demographic. Nearly two-thirds of the population is under 25 years old, reflecting high birth rates. Urbanization is increasing, though the majority still reside in rural areas.

Ethnic Groups

The country is ethnically diverse, with major groups including:

• Makua: Predominantly found in the north, they are the largest ethnic group.
• Tsonga: Concentrated in the southern regions.
• Sena and Shona: Residing in the central areas.

Languages

Portuguese is the official language and serves as the medium for government and education. Indigenous languages, such as Makhuwa, Tsonga, Sena, and Ndau, are widely spoken in daily life.

Religion

Religion in Mozambique reflects its diverse history and culture:

• Christianity (Roman Catholicism and Protestantism) is the dominant faith.
• Islam is practiced by a significant minority, particularly in the northern provinces.
• Traditional African beliefs continue to influence daily life and cultural practices.

Cuisine

Mozambican cuisine is a flavorful blend of African, Portuguese, and Indian influences. Popular dishes include:

• Peri-peri chicken: Spiced grilled chicken marinated in chili sauce.
• Matapa: A stew made from cassava leaves, peanuts, and coconut milk.
• Seafood: Prawns, crabs, and fish are staples, especially in coastal regions.

Infrastructure and Transportation

Roads and Highways

Mozambique’s road network is expanding, though many rural areas remain poorly connected. Major highways link Maputo, Beira, and Nampula, facilitating trade and movement.

Railways

Rail infrastructure connects the country to its neighbors, including Zimbabwe, Malawi, and South Africa. Railways are vital for transporting coal and other goods to ports.

Ports

The ports of Maputo, Beira, and Nacala are critical trade hubs, handling exports of coal, gas, and agricultural products. Modernization efforts are underway to improve capacity and efficiency.

Environment and Biodiversity

National Parks

Mozambique’s natural beauty is preserved in its national parks, including Gorongosa National Park and the Quirimbas Archipelago. These areas protect diverse wildlife, including elephants, lions, and rare marine species.

Marine Biodiversity

The country’s coral reefs, mangroves, and fisheries are essential for both livelihoods and conservation. Dugongs and sea turtles are among the marine species found in Mozambican waters.